It is important to note that not all signs of dyslexia will be present in an individual, and that signs can be anywhere on the scale from subtle to severe. The most identifiable mark of dyslexia is that the difficulties in reading, writing, and spelling are in sharp contrast with an individual's thinking and reasoning, as well as performance in other non-reading subjects.

A dyslexic reader will generally be hesitant, make wild guesses while trying to read, confuse words that have the same initial and final consonants, and have little to no reading comprehension. Dyslexia may also show up in their writing. A dyslexic child will often confuse similar letters such as b and d, and reverse letters or even whole words. I've come across a few cases of children, who in learning to write their name, would write it letter by letter in reverse order.

Early signs of dyslexia, before reading even begins, may include speech delays, difficulties with pronunciation, insensitivity to rhyme, and difficulty with word retrieval. (This means they may talk around the word they are looking for or use similar sounding words in place of the one they mean to use). Later signs, as the child begins formal reading instruction, include difficulty connecting letters to their corresponding sounds, relying on context and memorization over actual decoding, and difficulty in building a vocabulary of words that can be read fluently.

The Orton-Gillingham method is a multisensory way of teaching reading that breaks down the reading process into a structured step-by-step progression. It begins with the basics of understanding the relationship between letters and sounds and builds over time, slowly introducing more difficult concepts that build on what has been previously learned. The approach engages many different parts of the brain by incorporating hands-on materials and activities alongside reading and writing.

 Read more here: https://www.ortonacademy.org/resources/what-is-the-orton-gillingham-approach/ 

In basic terms, decoding is reading and encoding is spelling. The terms decoding and encoding encompass the processes of putting letters and letter sounds together and taking them apart in order to read or spell. As a student learns to read, these processes become faster and more automatic.